- Asking questions (for science) and defining problems (for engineering)
- Developing and using models
- Planning and carrying out investigations
- Analyzing and interpreting data
- Using mathematics and computational thinking
- Constructing explanations (for science) and designing solutions (for engineering)
- Engaging in argument from evidence
- Obtaining, evaluating, and communicating information
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- Patterns: organizing, classifying, and sorting objects by properties and dimensions
- Cause and effect: the interaction of physical elements on living organisms and Earth processes
- Scale, proportion and quantity: measuring using standard and non-standard units; using scale models
- Systems and system models: replicating diagrams; understanding life and Earth cycles
- Energy and matter: defining the properties of matter; sunlight and plant life
- Structure and function: comparing living and non-living objects; defining structure and function of living things
- Stability and change: determining if proposed solutions solve a problem
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